The clinical research progress of surgical pleth index / 中国医师杂志

With the promotion of the concept of " precise anesthesia",it is important to achieve both the anesthetic effect and the avoidance of a series of side effects caused by overdose of anesthetic drugs in anesthesia management.How to determine the optimal dose of anesthetic drugs and maintain the appropriate depth of anesthesia has become a problem that anesthesiologists must focus on and urgently needs solving.First of all,maintaining adequate depth of anesthesia requires adequate sedation and analgesia.At present,there are many clinical monitoring methods for the depth of anesthesia (sedation and analgesia).Several tools,including bispectral index and entropy index,which have been proved to reflect the depth of sedation well,but they are not sensitive to noxious stimuli such as pain during surgery.This article reviews a recently developed method for monitoring surgical pleth index (SPI),and describes the research background,research principles,relevant influencing factors,and research progress in detail.

Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Monitoring in the Surgical Management of Sporadic Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring (IPM) has been shown to be a useful adjunct during parathyroidectomy to ensure operative success at many specialized medical centers worldwide. Using the Miami or “>50% intraoperative PTH drop” criterion, IPM confirms the complete excision of all hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue before the operation is finished, and helps guide the surgeon to identify additional hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands that may necessitate further extensive neck exploration when intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels do not drop sufficiently. The intraoperative PTH assay is also used to differentiate parathyroid from non-parathyroid tissues during operations using fine needle aspiration samples and to lateralize the side of the neck harboring the hypersecreting parathyroid through differential jugular venous sampling when preoperative localization studies are negative or equivocal. The use of IPM underscores the recognition and understanding of sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism (SPHPT) as a disease of function rather than form, where the surgeon is better equipped to treat such patients with quantitative instead of qualitative information for durable long-term operative success. There has been a significant paradigm shift over the last 2 decades from conventional to focused parathyroidectomy guided by IPM. This approach has proven to be a safe and rapid operation requiring minimal dissection performed in an ambulatory setting for the treatment of SPHPT.

Nociception monitoring tools using autonomic tone changes for intraoperative analgesic guidance in pediatric patients

Nociception monitoring devices using changes in autonomic nervous system activity have been developed in numerous ways. Although there have been few studies conducted on children, compared to the relatively higher number of studies on adults, most of the nociception monitors in children, as in adults, appear to be more useful than the standard clinical practice that uses hemodynamic parameters in the evaluation and treatment of intraoperative nociception (pain) during general anesthesia. Particularly, when monitoring the surgical pleth index (SPI) in anesthetized children, the application of a new target range of SPI values (≤ 40) to the SPI monitoring criteria seems to be necessary for providing a more proper intraoperative analgesia. The analgesia nociception index (ANI) shows promising results in anesthetized adults, and recently, positive results along with cardiorespiratory coherence have been reported in pediatric patients. Newborn infant parasympathetic evaluation (NIPE) could be useful for providing adequate analgesia in newborns, infants, and children under 2 years of age in anesthetized or awake states. In cases of skin conductance and pupillometry, further studies are needed. Understanding the pros, cons, and limitations of these nociception monitoring tools will provide more effective and safe intraoperative analgesia to pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia, and it may also help to plan and conduct promising research on the use of perioperative nociception monitoring in pediatric patients in the future.

Effect of anesthesia management based on rSO2-BIS-goal-directed hemodynamic multi-modal monitoring on acute kidney injury after cardiac valve replacement / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective@#To evaluate the effect of anesthesia management based on regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2)-bispectral index (BIS)-goal-directed hemodynamic multi-modal monitoring on acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac valve replacement.@*Methods@#A total of 238 patients of both sexes, aged 18-75 yr, weighing 45-95 kg, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅲ or Ⅳ (New York Heart Association class Ⅱ or Ⅲ ), undergoing elective cardiac valve replacement, were assigned into routine experience group (group C, n=122) and multi-mode monitoring group (group M, n=116) using a random number table method.After admission to the operating room, the invasive blood pressure of radial artery, central venous pressure, electrocardiogram, SpO2 and end-tidal pressure of carbon dioxide were recorded in group C, and rSO2, BIS, stroke volume variation, cardiac index and stroke volume index were monitored based on the monitoring in group C. The patients were tracheally intubated when BIS value was about 50.BIS value was maintained between 45 and 55, rSO2 was maintained not less than 20% of the baseline value or the absolute value not less than 55%, and fluctuation in mean arterial pressure did not exceed 20% of the baseline value, and stroke volume index was maintained >25 ml/m2 and cardiac index>2.5 L·min-1 ·m-2, maintaining not lower than the baseline value before induction in special conditions.The intraoperative volume of fluid infused, infusion of allogeneic blood, consumption of propofol, time of cardiopulmonary bypass, aortic cross-clamping time, anesthesia time, operation time, occurrence of AKI within 48 h after operation, renal replacement therapy, extubation time, duration of intensive care unit stay, postoperative length of hospital stay, development of other serious postoperative complications and fatality rate at day 30 after operation were recorded.@*Results@#Compared with group C, the incidence of AKI was significantly decreased, the volume of plasma infused and consumption of propofol were reduced, the extubation time, duration of intensive care unit stay and postoperative length of hospital stay were shortened (P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the rate of renal replacement therapy, constituent ratio of AKI degree, incidence of other serious postoperative complications or mortality rate at day 30 after operation in group M (P>0.05).@*Conclusion@#Anesthesia management based on rSO2-BIS-goal-directed hemodynamic multi-modal monitoring can decrease the occurrence of AKI after cardiac valve replacement.

Effect of anesthesia management based on rSO2-BIS-goal-directed hemodynamic multi-modal monitoring on acute kidney injury after cardiac valve replacement / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of anesthesia management based on regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2)-bispectral index (BIS)-goal-directed hemodynamic multi-modal monitoring on acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac valve replacement.Methods A total of 238 patients of both sexes,aged 18-75 yr,weighing 45-95 kg,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅲ or Ⅳ (New York Heart Association class Ⅱ or Ⅲ),undergoing elective cardiac valve replacement,were assigned into routine experience group (group C,n=122) and multi-mode monitoring group (group M,n=116) using a random number table method.After admission to the operating room,the invasive blood pressure of radial artery,central venous pressure,electrocardiogram,SpO2 and end-tidal pressure of carbon dioxide were recorded in group C,and rSO2,BIS,stroke volume variation,cardiac index and stroke volume index were monitored based on the monitoring in group C.The patients were tracheally intubated when BIS value was about 50.BIS value was maintained between 45 and 55,rSO2was maintained not less than 20％ of the baseline value or the absolute value not less than 55％,and fluctuation in mean arterial pressure did not exceed 20％ of the baseline value,and stroke volume index was maintained ＞25 ml/m2and cardiac index＞2.5 L ·rmin-1 · m-2,maintaining not lower than the baseline value before induction in special conditions.The intraoperative volume of fluid infused,infusion of allogeneic blood,consumption of propofol,time of cardiopulmonary bypass,aortic cross-clamping time,anesthesia time,operation time,occurrence of AKI within 48 h after operation,renal replacement therapy,extubation time,duration of intensive care unit stay,postoperative length of hospital stay,development of other serious postoperative complications and fatality rate at day 30 after operation were recorded.Results Compared with group C,the incidence of AKI was significantly decreased,the volume of plasma infused and consumption of propofol were reduced,the extubation time,duration of intensive care unit stay and postoperative length of hospital stay were shortened (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in the rate of renal replacement therapy,constituent ratio of AKI degree,incidence of other serious postoperative complications or mortality rate at day 30 after operation in group M (P＞0.05).Conclusion Anesthesia management based on rSO2-BIS-goal-directed hemodynamic multi-modal monitoring can decrease the occurrence of AKI after cardiac Valve replacement.

Effect of partial neuromuscular blockade on efficacy and safety of nerve monitoring during microvascular decompression of facial nerve / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of partial neuromuscular blockade (NMB) on the efficacy and safety of nerve monitoring during microvascular decompression (MVD) of facial nerve.Methods Seventy American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes,aged 39-78 yr,weighing 44-84 kg,scheduled for elective MVD,were divided into 2 groups (n=35 each) using a random number table method:control group and partial NMB group.Anesthesia was induced by intravenous injection of 3-fold ED95 cisatracurium.In control group,muscle relaxants were not used after intubation.In partial NMB group,cisatracurium was continuously infused intravenously to maintain partial NMB,and the T1/Tc ratio was maintained at 20％-40％.Intraoperative neuroelectrophysiological monitoring was performed using lateral spread response (LSR).The success rates of LSR monitoring,occurrence of body movement,requirement for anesthetics and cardiovascular agents were recorded during operation,and the patients were followed up on day 7 after surgery,and the therapeutic efficacy and occurrence of neurological complications were recorded.Results Compared with control group,the incidence of intraoperative body movement was significantly decreased,the intraoperative consumption of propofol and remifentanil was decreased,and the intraoperative requirement for vasopressors was decreased in partial NMB group (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in the success rate of LSR monitoring,therapeutic efficacy and incidence of neurological complications between two groups (P＞0.05).Conclusion Partial NMB (T1/Tc=20％-40％) can be effectively used for MVD monitored by LSR,decrease the occurrence of the body movement,and raise the perioperative safety in patients.

Effectiveness and accuracy of a domestic continuous non-invasive blood pressure device in monitoring intraoperative blood pressure / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and accuracy of a domestic continuous non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP) device in monitoring intraoperative blood pressure.Methods Sixty patients of both sexes,aged 18-64 yr,with body mass index of 18-30 kg/m2,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia,were included in the study.The invasive blood pressure (IBP) and NIBP were simultaneously measured in the radial artery.Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP,DBP) was continuously recorded,and the paired data and data of waveform were collected.For paired data,the agreement was evaluated using Bland-Altman analyses between the two monitoring methods.For waveform data,Pearson linear correlate analysis was performed between the two monitoring methods.Results For paired data,the bias of NIBP value from IBP value were (-2.1±5.4) mmHg (95％ CI-3.5-0.7 mmHg) and (2.6±6.4) mmHg (95％ CI 1.0-4.3 mmHg) for SBP and DBP,respectively.The 95％ limit of agreement of bias between the two methods was-12.6-8.5 mmHg for SBP and-10.0-15.3 mmHg for DBP.For waveform data,the bias of NIBP value from IBP value were (-2.1±6.5) mmHg (95％ CI-3.7-0.4 mmHg) and (3.1±6.8) mmHg (95％ CI 1.3-4.8 mmHg) for SBP and DBP,respectively.The correlation coefficient between the two methods was O.82 for SBP and 0.88 for DBP,P＜0.01.Conclusion The effectiveness and accuracy of this domestic continuous NIBP monitoring device in monitoring intraoperative blood pressure is clinically acceptable.

Analysis According to Characteristics of 18 Cases of Brachial Plexus Tumors : A Review of Surgical Treatment Experience

OBJECTIVE: Because the anatomical structure of the brachial plexus is very complex, surgical treatment of tumors in this region is challenging. Therefore, a lot of clinical and surgical experience is required for successful treatment; however, many neurosurgeons have difficulty accumulating this experience owing to the rarity of brachial plexus tumors. The purpose of this report is to share our surgical experience with brachial plexus tumor with other neurosurgeons. METHODS: The records of 18 consecutive patients with brachial plexus tumors who underwent surgical treatment between January 2010 and December 2017 in a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. The surgical approach was determined according to the tumor location and size, and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) was used in most of cases to prevent iatrogenic nerve injury during surgery. In addition, to evaluate the differences in tumor characteristics according to pathologic diagnosis, the tumors were divided twice into two groups, based on two separate classifications, and statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: The 18 brachial plexus tumors comprised 15 (83.3%) benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors including schwannoma and neurofibroma, one (5.6%) malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, one (5.6%) benign tumor of non-neural sheath origin (neurogenic cyst), and one (5.6%) metastatic tumor (papillary carcinoma). The authors analyzed relationship between tumor size/location and tumor characteristic parameters such as age, size, right-left, and pathology. There were no statistically significant differences except a tendency of bigger tumor size in young age. CONCLUSION: For a successful surgical outcome, an appropriate surgical approach is essential, and the appropriate surgical approach is determined by the location and size of the tumor. Furthermore, applying IONM may prevent postoperative complications and it is favorable option for brachial plexus tumors surgery.

Analysis According to Characteristics of 18 Cases of Brachial Plexus Tumors : A Review of Surgical Treatment Experience

OBJECTIVE: Because the anatomical structure of the brachial plexus is very complex, surgical treatment of tumors in this region is challenging. Therefore, a lot of clinical and surgical experience is required for successful treatment; however, many neurosurgeons have difficulty accumulating this experience owing to the rarity of brachial plexus tumors. The purpose of this report is to share our surgical experience with brachial plexus tumor with other neurosurgeons.METHODS: The records of 18 consecutive patients with brachial plexus tumors who underwent surgical treatment between January 2010 and December 2017 in a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. The surgical approach was determined according to the tumor location and size, and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) was used in most of cases to prevent iatrogenic nerve injury during surgery. In addition, to evaluate the differences in tumor characteristics according to pathologic diagnosis, the tumors were divided twice into two groups, based on two separate classifications, and statistical analysis was performed.RESULTS: The 18 brachial plexus tumors comprised 15 (83.3%) benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors including schwannoma and neurofibroma, one (5.6%) malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, one (5.6%) benign tumor of non-neural sheath origin (neurogenic cyst), and one (5.6%) metastatic tumor (papillary carcinoma). The authors analyzed relationship between tumor size/location and tumor characteristic parameters such as age, size, right-left, and pathology. There were no statistically significant differences except a tendency of bigger tumor size in young age.CONCLUSION: For a successful surgical outcome, an appropriate surgical approach is essential, and the appropriate surgical approach is determined by the location and size of the tumor. Furthermore, applying IONM may prevent postoperative complications and it is favorable option for brachial plexus tumors surgery.

Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring : A Review of Techniques Used for Brain Tumor Surgery in Children

Intraoperative monitoring (IOM) utilizes electrophysiological techniques as a surrogate test and evaluation of nervous function while a patient is under general anesthesia. They are increasingly used for procedures, both surgical and endovascular, to avoid injury during an operation, examine neurological tissue to guide the surgery, or to test electrophysiological function to allow for more complete resection or corrections. The application of IOM during pediatric brain tumor resections encompasses a unique set of technical issues. First, obtaining stable and reliable responses in children of different ages requires detailed understanding of normal ageadjusted brain-spine development. Neurophysiology, anatomy, and anthropometry of children are different from those of adults. Second, monitoring of the brain may include risk to eloquent functions and cranial nerve functions that are difficult with the usual neurophysiological techniques. Third, interpretation of signal change requires unique sets of normative values specific for children of that age. Fourth, tumor resection involves multiple considerations including defining tumor type, size, location, pathophysiology that might require maximal removal of lesion or minimal intervention. IOM techniques can be divided into monitoring and mapping. Mapping involves identification of specific neural structures to avoid or minimize injury. Monitoring is continuous acquisition of neural signals to determine the integrity of the full longitudinal path of the neural system of interest. Motor evoked potentials and somatosensory evoked potentials are representative methodologies for monitoring. Free-running electromyography is also used to monitor irritation or damage to the motor nerves in the lower motor neuron level : cranial nerves, roots, and peripheral nerves. For the surgery of infratentorial tumors, in addition to free-running electromyography of the bulbar muscles, brainstem auditory evoked potentials or corticobulbar motor evoked potentials could be combined to prevent injury of the cranial nerves or nucleus. IOM for cerebral tumors can adopt direct cortical stimulation or direct subcortical stimulation to map the corticospinal pathways in the vicinity of lesion. IOM is a diagnostic as well as interventional tool for neurosurgery. To prove clinical evidence of it is not simple. Randomized controlled prospective studies may not be possible due to ethical reasons. However, prospective longitudinal studies confirming prognostic value of IOM are available. Furthermore, oncological outcome has also been shown to be superior in some brain tumors, with IOM. New methodologies of IOM are being developed and clinically applied. This review establishes a composite view of techniques used today, noting differences between adult and pediatric monitoring.

Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring : A Review of Techniques Used for Brain Tumor Surgery in Children

Intraoperative monitoring (IOM) utilizes electrophysiological techniques as a surrogate test and evaluation of nervous function while a patient is under general anesthesia. They are increasingly used for procedures, both surgical and endovascular, to avoid injury during an operation, examine neurological tissue to guide the surgery, or to test electrophysiological function to allow for more complete resection or corrections. The application of IOM during pediatric brain tumor resections encompasses a unique set of technical issues. First, obtaining stable and reliable responses in children of different ages requires detailed understanding of normal ageadjusted brain-spine development. Neurophysiology, anatomy, and anthropometry of children are different from those of adults. Second, monitoring of the brain may include risk to eloquent functions and cranial nerve functions that are difficult with the usual neurophysiological techniques. Third, interpretation of signal change requires unique sets of normative values specific for children of that age. Fourth, tumor resection involves multiple considerations including defining tumor type, size, location, pathophysiology that might require maximal removal of lesion or minimal intervention. IOM techniques can be divided into monitoring and mapping. Mapping involves identification of specific neural structures to avoid or minimize injury. Monitoring is continuous acquisition of neural signals to determine the integrity of the full longitudinal path of the neural system of interest. Motor evoked potentials and somatosensory evoked potentials are representative methodologies for monitoring. Free-running electromyography is also used to monitor irritation or damage to the motor nerves in the lower motor neuron level : cranial nerves, roots, and peripheral nerves. For the surgery of infratentorial tumors, in addition to free-running electromyography of the bulbar muscles, brainstem auditory evoked potentials or corticobulbar motor evoked potentials could be combined to prevent injury of the cranial nerves or nucleus. IOM for cerebral tumors can adopt direct cortical stimulation or direct subcortical stimulation to map the corticospinal pathways in the vicinity of lesion. IOM is a diagnostic as well as interventional tool for neurosurgery. To prove clinical evidence of it is not simple. Randomized controlled prospective studies may not be possible due to ethical reasons. However, prospective longitudinal studies confirming prognostic value of IOM are available. Furthermore, oncological outcome has also been shown to be superior in some brain tumors, with IOM. New methodologies of IOM are being developed and clinically applied. This review establishes a composite view of techniques used today, noting differences between adult and pediatric monitoring.

Hemicolectomía en un paciente con valvulopatía aórtica: reporte de caso / Hemicolectomy in a patient with aortic valve disease: Case report

Patients with valve disease are at a higher risk of perioperative complications in the context of non-cardiac surgery. The active involvement of the anaesthetist from the moment of the pre-anaesthesia assessment to determine the severity of the disease is crucial. The purpose of this report on the management of a clinical case is to highlight the need for a multidisciplinary approach to the patient with heart disease. We present the case of a patient in the eighth decade of life with severe aortic stenosis, and a 46 mm infra-renal abdominal aortic aneurysm; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, controlled arterial hypertension; and a lymphoproliferative process. Following the pre-anaesthesia assessment, valve repair surgery was indicated prior to a surgical procedure for colon cancer resection. Key to the successful management of this patient was pre-operative optimization with cardiac surgery and adjustment of the pharmacological treatment, plus haemodynamic monitoring as a basis for decision-making during the perioperative period using a minimally invasive device (Vigileo®). Spinal analgesia with intrathecal morphine was combined with general anaesthesia. The patient remained stable with CI 2.3-3l/min/m², SVV 2-7% and ScvO2 74-67%. As a result of the successful anaesthetic and surgical process, we concluded that it is our duty at the present time to know and apply the recommendations contained in the guidelines developed by the anaesthesia and cardiology societies and their regular updates, as they allow clinicians to make decisions in accordance with evidence-based protocols.

Los pacientes con enfermedad valvular presentan mayor riesgo de complicaciones perioperatorias en el contexto de cirugía no cardiaca. La importancia del anestesiólogo desde la consulta de preanestesia para valorar la severidad de la enfermedad y su intervención activa es determinante. El manejo de este caso clínico se reporta para poner en valor la necesidad que tiene el paciente cardiópata de ser atendido de manera multidisciplinar. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 80 años con estenosis aórtica severa, aneurisma de aorta abdominal infrarrenal de 46 mm; enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, hipertensión arterial controlada; proceso linfoproliferativo. Tras valoración preanestésica se indicó cirugía valvular reparadora previa a la cirugía por cancer de colon. La optimización preoperatoria mediante la cirugía cardiaca y el ajuste del tratamiento farmacológico, así como el apoyo en la monitorización hemodinamica para la toma de decisiones durante el periodo perioperatorio, mediante un dispositivo mínimamente invasivo (Vigileo®), fueron las claves en el correcto manejo de este paciente; combinamos raquianalgesia con morfina intratecal y anestesia general. El paciente se mantuvo estable con IC 2.3 - 3 l/min/m², VVS 2 - 7% y ScvO2 74 - 67%. Tras el éxito del proceso anestésico-quirúrgico concluimos que hoy en día tenemos la obligación de conocer y aplicar las recomendaciones disponibles en las guías elaboradas por las sociedades de anestesiología y cardiología, de forma conjunta, que se actualizan continuamente y permiten al clínico protocolizar la toma de decisiones basandose en la evidencia científica.

Effect of dexmedetomidine on quality of intraoperative wake-up test in patients undergoing balloon occlusion test of the internal carotid artery / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on the quality of intraoperative wake-up test in the patients undergoing balloon occlusion test of the internal carotid artery.Methods Forty-two patients of either sex with intracranial aneurysm,aged 57-78 yr,weighing 53-86 kg,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ,scheduled for elective balloon occlusion test of the internal carotid artery under general anesthesia,were assigned into 2 groups (n =21 each) using a random number table:propofol conbined with remifentanil group (group PR) and dexmedetomidine combined with propofol and remifentanil group (group DPR).In group DPR,dexmedetomidine was intravenously infused over 15 min in a loading dose of 0.5 μg · kg-1 before induction of anesthesia,followed by an infusion of 0.3 μg · kg-1 · h-1 throughout surgery.Propofol and remifentanil were given by target-controlled infusion (TCI) after infusion of the loading dose.The patients were mechanically ventilated after placement of the laryngeal mask airway.Maintenance of anesthesia was as follows:propofol and remifentanil were given by TCI with the target plasma concentrations of 0.5-1.0 μg/ml and 1-3 ng/ml,respectively,in group DPR;propofol and remifentanil were given by TCI with the target plasma concentrations of 3-5 μg/ml and 3-6 ng/ml,respectively,in group PR.Bispectral index (BIS) value was maintained at 40-60.Before wakeup test,propofol infusion was stopped and the target plasma concentration of remifentanil was decreased to 0.5 ng/ml in two groups,and the infusion rate of dexmedetomidine was decreased to 0.1 pg · kg-1 · h-1 in group DPR.The wake-up time was recorded and the wake-up quality was assessed.After admission to the operating room (T0,baseline),at 10 min before wake-up test (T1),immediately after patients were wakened (T2),at 10 min after patients were wakened (T3) and at the end of wake-up test (T4),the mean blood pressure (MAP),heart rate,respiratory rate (RR),SpO2 and BIS values were recorded.The development of intraoperative awareness,emergence time,postoperative agitation,nausea and vomiting,regurgitation and aspiration and severe pain was recorded.Results MAP,heart rate,SpO2 and RR were all within the normal range during wake-up period in two groups.Compared with the baseline at To,MAP was significantly decreased at Ti,3,4 in group PR,and BIS value was decreased at T1-4 in DPR and PR groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group PR,MAP was significantly increased at T1.3,BIS value was decreased at T24,the wake-up time was shortened,Ramsay sedation score and wake-up quality were increased,the emergence time was shortened,and the incidence of agitation was deceased (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in verbal rating scale scores assessed after extubation in group DPR (P ＞ 0.05).No cardiovascular events,respiratory depression,intraoperative awareness,postoperative nausea and voniting,regurgitation and aspiration or severe pain was found in two groups.Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can raise the quality of intraoperative wake-up test in the patients undergoing balloon occlusion test of the internal carotid artery.

The Clinical Importance of Perforator Preservation in Intracranial Aneurysm Surgery: An Overview with a Review of the Literature / 전남의대학술지

Clipping for intracranial aneurysms is done to achieve complete occlusion of the aneurysm without a remnant sac. Despite modern advancements of neurosurgical techniques, morbidity related to the clipping of intracranial aneurysms still exists. Clip occlusion of a parent artery or small hidden perforators commonly leads to permanent neurological deficits, and is a serious and unwanted complication. Thus, preserving blood flow in the branches and perforators of a parent artery is very important for successful surgery without postoperative morbidity and mortality. The aim of this review article is to discuss the consequences of perforator injury and how to avoid this phenomenon in aneurysm surgeries using intraoperative monitoring devices.

The Clinical Importance of Perforator Preservation in Intracranial Aneurysm Surgery: An Overview with a Review of the Literature / 전남의대학술지

Clipping for intracranial aneurysms is done to achieve complete occlusion of the aneurysm without a remnant sac. Despite modern advancements of neurosurgical techniques, morbidity related to the clipping of intracranial aneurysms still exists. Clip occlusion of a parent artery or small hidden perforators commonly leads to permanent neurological deficits, and is a serious and unwanted complication. Thus, preserving blood flow in the branches and perforators of a parent artery is very important for successful surgery without postoperative morbidity and mortality. The aim of this review article is to discuss the consequences of perforator injury and how to avoid this phenomenon in aneurysm surgeries using intraoperative monitoring devices.

Encuesta de actitudes sobre vigilancia de la temperatura y protección térmica perioperatoria en Colombia / Survey about attitudes on perioperative temperature monitoring and thermal protection in Colombia

Introduction: Perioperative hypothermia is a common condition associated with serious complications and perioperative mortality. The incidence of perioperative hypothermia is between 30 and 70%. Objective: To determine the status of perioperative monitoring and thermal protection in clinics and hospitals of high complexity in Colombia and the establishment of minimum safety standards of the Colombian Society of Anesthesiology to this respect. Methods: A survey with voluntary answers was administered to leaders of anesthesiology departments and surgical services of high complexity institutions in Colombia. The questionnaire had 20 items with an adaptive structure and was sent by email to a randomized list. Only fully completed questionnaires were analyzed. Results: 135 surveys were analyzed. Measurement of temperature is reported always or almost always in 27% of cases, while 45% have at least one method of intraoperative thermal protection. Barriers for monitoring temperature and for thermal protection were explored. Conclusions: Temperature monitoring and perioperative thermal protection is insufficient in the sample studied. The reasons are: limited availability of devices for monitoring and protection and lack of interest toward the subject. There is no acceptance of minimum safety standards of the Colombian Society of Anesthesiology (S.C.A.R.E.) because of the limited availability of thermometers, poor monitoring of intraoperative temperature and misuse of heating strategies.

Introducción: La hipotermia perioperatoria es una condición frecuente que se asocia a complicaciones serias que en algunos casos pueden ser potencialmente letales. La incidencia de hipotermia perioperatoria oscila entre 30 y 70%. Objetivo: Determinar la situación de la monitorización y protección térmica perioperatoria en instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud de alta complejidad en Colombia y la apropiación de las normas mínimas de seguridad de la Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación (S.C.A.R.E.) sobre este aspecto. Métodos: Se realizó una encuesta cerrada por internet de diligenciamiento voluntario. El cuestionario de 20 ítems tenia una estructura adaptativa, fue administrado por correo electrónico, y se dirigió a líderes de departamentos de anestesiología y servicios quirúrgicos de alta complejidad en Colombia. Solo se analizaron cuestionarios completamente respondidos. Resultados: Se analizaron 135 encuestas. Los encuestados refirieron realizar la medición de la temperatura siempre o casi siempre en 27% de los casos, mientras que 45% disponen de al menos un método de protección térmica intraoperatoria. Se exploraron las barreras para la monitorización y la protección térmica perioperatoria. Conclusiones: La monitorización de la temperatura y la protección térmica perioperatoria es insuficiente en la muestra estudiada. Esto como consecuencia de poca disponibilidad de dispositivos para monitorización y protección y por falta de interés frente al tema. No hay apropiación de las normas mínimas de seguridad de la S.C.A.R.E., dada la poca disponibilidad de termómetros, la escasa monitorización de la temperatura intraoperatoria y el uso inadecuado de las estrategias de calentamiento.

Efficacy of pleth variability index in guiding volume therapy in patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of pleth variability index (PVI) in guiding volume therapy in the patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery.Methods Forty patients of both sexes, aged 18-64 yr, with body mass index＜35 kg/m2 , of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or Ⅱ ,scheduled for elective thoracoscopic lobectomy, were randomized into 2 groups (n =20 each) : control group (group C) and PVI group.During induction of anesthesia, multiple electrolyte solution was infused rapidly as a bolus of 250 ml, followed by a 2-8 ml · kg-1 · h-1 infusion.In group C, 6％ hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 and sodium chloride injection 50 ml and metaraminol 0.5 mg were administered to maintain mean arterial pressure ≥ 65 mmHg.In group PVI, 6％ hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 and sodium chloride injection 50 ml and metaraminol 0.5 mg were administered to maintain PVI ≤ 13％ and mean arterial pressure ≥ 65 mmHg.Immediately after the beginning of one-lung ventilation (T1) , immediately after the termination of one-lung ventilation (T2) and at 1 h after surgery (T3) , arterial oxygen saturation were recorded, and arterial blood samples were collected for blood gas analysis, and for determination of lactic acid concentrations.The blood creatinine concentrations were measured at 24 h before and after surgery.The fulid balance was recorded.Results The amount of colloid solution infused, total volume of fluid infused and lactic acid concentrations at T3were significantly lower in group C than in group PVI.There were no significant differences in the amount of crystralloid solution infused, urine volume, blood loss, arterial oxygen saturation at each time point, and blood creatinine concentrations at 24 h before and after surgery between the two groups.Conclusion PVI-guided volume therapy can not only maintain adequate blood volume and tissue perfusion, but also reduce the amount of fluid infused, and is helpful in mitigating lung water overload when used for the patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery.

Reliability of gas sampling from distal end of tracheal tube for PETCO2 monitoring in neonates / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the reliability of gas sampling from the distal end of the tracheal tube for partial pressure of end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2) monitoring in neonates.Methods A total of 50 fullterm neonates,scheduled for elective abdominal surgery under general anesthesia,aged 1-28 days,weighing 2.55-4.00 kg,of ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =25 each) using a random number table:gas samples collected from proximal end of tracheal tube group (group P) and gas samples collected from distal end of tracheal tube group (group D).Epidural catheters of 1 mm in external diameter were used.One end of the catheter was connected to a tube for carbon dioxide sampling,and the other end was inserted into the endotracheal tube and advanced toward the distal hole of the tube.At 15 min of mechanical ventilation,blood samples were collected from the radial artery for record of PETCO2 and for blood gas analysis.Consistency test was performed between PETCO2 and partial pressure of arterial CO2 (PaCO2).Results PET CO2 was significantly lower than PaCO2 in the two groups.There was no significant difference in PaCO2between the two groups.PETCO2 was significantly higher in group D than in group P.Kappa was significantly higher in group D than in group P.Conclusion Gas sampling from the distal end of the tracheal tube is more reliable than gas sampling from the proximal end in monitoring PETCO2 in the neonates.

Accuracy of stroke volume variation in monitoring changes in blood volume during laparoscopic surgery / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of stroke volume variation (SVV) in monitoring the changes in blood volume during laparoscopic surgery.Methods Forty ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes,aged 40-64 yr,with body mass index ranged from 20 to 25 kg/m2,scheduled for elective laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia,were studied.After induction of general anesthesia,baseline registrations of variables were obtained.After establishing pneumoperitoneum,6％ hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4) 500 ml was infused over 30 min.Before pneumoperitoneum (T1),at 5 min after pneumoperitoneum (T2),immediately before volume expansion (T3) and at 3 min after volume expansion (T4),cardiac output (CO),cardiac index (CI),SV,stroke volume index (SVI) and SVV were monitored and recorded.The changing rate of CI (△CI) was calculated.The criterion for effective volume expansion was △CI ≥ 15％.The ROC curve for SVV in determining the volume expansion responsiveness was plotted,and the diagnostic threshold was determined.The area under the curve and 95％ confidence interval were calculated.Results SVV was significantly lower at T2 than at T1.CO,CI,SV and SVI were significantly higher,and SVV was lower at T4 than at T3.The results of ROC curve analysis showed that a 9.2％ SVV threshold discriminated between responders and non-responders with a sensitivity of 61％ and a specificity of 50％,and the area under the curve (95％ confidence interval) was 0.567 (0.378-0.757).Conclusion SVV is not a suitable index in monitoring the changes in blood volume during laparoscopic surgery.

Intraoperative neurosonography revisited: effective neuronavigation in pediatric neurosurgery

Intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) is a widely used noninvasive method to evaluate the morphology, vasculature, and pathologies of the brain. The advantages of IOUS include realtime depiction of neuroanatomy, accurate localization and characterization of a lesion, reduced surgical exploration and surgical time, and presumably decreased patient morbidity. IOUS is useful in the intraoperative monitoring of lesion resection as well as intraoperative localization and characterization of focal parenchymal lesions. This review aims to provide an overview of the clinical application of IOUS in pediatric intracranial neurosurgery.